News

Sleep-Related Problems May Increase Risk of Obesity in Kids

Sleep-related breathing problems and chronic lack of sleep may each double the risk of a child becoming obese by age 15, according to new research from Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. The good news is that both sleep problems can be corrected. The study, which followed nearly 2,000 children for 15 years, was published online in The Journal of Pediatrics.

“In recent years, lack of sleep has become a well-recognized risk for childhood obesity,” says Karen Bonuck, PhD, a professor of family and social medicine and of obstetrics and gynecology and women’s health at Einstein and lead author on the paper. “Sleep-disordered breathing, or SDB, which includes snoring and sleep apnea, is also a risk factor for obesity but receives less attention. These two risk factors had not been tracked together in children over time to determine their potential for independently influencing weight gain. Our study aimed to fill in that gap.”

Bonuck and her colleagues used data collected on 1,899 children by the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) based in Avon, England. ALSPAC collected parent questionnaire data on both child sleep duration and SDB symptoms from birth through 6.75 years and child BMI data from research ALSPAC clinics.

The researchers found that children with the most severe SDB had the greatest risk of obesity. Those children who fell into the “worst case” SDB category were twice as likely to become obese by ages 7, 10, and 15, compared with the asymptomatic group. Children considered “worst case” scored highest for SDB symptoms of snoring, sleep apnea, or mouth-breathing.
Children whose SDB peaked later, around ages 5 to 6, fared better but still had a 60% to 80% increased risk of becoming obese. Overall, one-fourth of children in this population-based cohort had an increased statistical risk of obesity that arose from SDB symptoms experienced earlier in life. Obesity was defined as BMI greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender, according to the International Obesity Task Force.

With respect to sleep duration, children with the shortest sleep time around ages 5 and 6 had a 60% to 100% increased risk of being obese at 15. Children with short sleep duration at other ages saw no significant increase in risk. (In this study, children with short sleep duration were those who, in any given age group, slept less than 90% of their peers. For those aged 5 and 6, this was 10.5 hours per night or less.)

Interestingly, SDB and lack of sleep were equally strong risk factors for obesity, but their effects were independent of each other. The researchers looked for associations between short-sleep-duration children and SDB children across all age groups included in the study but did not find clustering, ie, there was little evidence that children with one risk factor were more likely to also be affected by the other. The study did not analyze whether children affected by both of the sleep-related risk factors were at greater risk of obesity than were children who had just one risk factor.

“We know that the road to obesity often begins early in life,” Bonuck says. “Our research strengthens the case that insufficient sleep and SDB—especially when present early in childhood—increase the risk for becoming obese later in childhood. If impaired sleep in childhood is conclusively shown to cause future obesity, it may be vital for parents and physicians to identify sleep problems early, so that corrective action can be taken and obesity prevented. With childhood obesity hovering at 17% in the United States, we’re hopeful that efforts to address both of these risk factors could have a tremendous public health impact.”
A common cause of SDB is enlarged tonsils or adenoids, which can be removed through surgery. Malocclusion—misalignment of the jaws and teeth—which can be treated with a night guard or through orthodontic care, is being investigated as a source of SDB as well. As for lack of sufficient sleep, which affects an estimated 25% to 50% of preschoolers, “Learning good sleep habits and proper sleep hygiene can promote healthy sleep and longer sleep duration,” Bonuck says.

— Source: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University